Reference to another document in a contract vs incorporation of another document in a contract

In M/S. ELITE ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION (HYD.) PRIVATE LIMITED vs  M/S. TECHTRANS CONSTRUCTION INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED before the Supreme Court,  some disputes arose between the appellant and the respondent in connection with the execution of the said work and the appellant vide its letter dated March 25, 2013 raised certain claims against the respondent. The appellant also filed Original Petition under the Arbitration Act on the file of Principal Judge, Karur. This petition was contested by the respondent who in its reply denied all the allegations raised by the appellant and also submitted that since there was no arbitration agreement between the parties, the petition under Section 9 of the Act was not maintainable. While this was pending, the appellant moved application under Section 11(3) and (5) of the Act for appointment of an arbitrator in the High Court of Judicature at Madras on January 28, 2014. Notice in this petition was issued by the High Court. In the meantime, on June 30, 2014, the Principal Judge, Karur allowed the petition of the appellant under Section 9 of the Act, but left open the issue of existence of arbitration agreement.

Insofar as the appellant’s petition under Section 11 of the Act is concerned, it was contested by the respondent taking the objection to the maintainability of the petition on the ground of absence of any agreement. The High Court has vide impugned orders dated September 18, 2015 dismissed the said petition of the appellant upholding the contention of the respondent that there is no arbitration agreement between the parties and, therefore, remedy under the Act for appointment of arbitrator or constitution of Arbitral Tribunal is not available.

The Supreme Court referring to M.R. Engineers and Contractors Private Limited v. Som Datt Builders Ltd.  agreed with the High Court and held that there is a difference between reference to another document in a contract and incorporation of another document in a contract, by reference. In the first case, the parties intend to adopt only specific portions or part of the referred document for the purposes of the contract. In the second case, the parties intend to incorporate the referred document in entirety, into the contract. Therefore when there is a reference to a document in a contract, the court has to consider whether the reference to the document is with the intention of incorporating the contents of that document in entirety into the contract, or with the intention of adopting or borrowing specific portions of the said document for application to the contract.

The scope and intent of Section 7(5) of the Act may therefore be summarised thus:
(i) An arbitration clause in another document, would get incorporated into a contract by reference, if the following conditions are fulfilled:
(1) the contract should contain a clear reference to the documents containing arbitration clause, (2) the reference to the other document should clearly indicate an intention to incorporate the arbitration clause into the contract, 

(3) the arbitration clause should be appropriate, that is capable of application in respect of disputes under the contract and should not be repugnant to any term of the contract.
(ii) When the parties enter into a contract, making a general reference to another contract, such general reference would not have the effect of incorporating the arbitration clause from the referred document into the contract between the parties. The arbitration clause from another contract can be incorporated into the contract (where such reference is made), only by a specific reference to arbitration clause.
(iii) Where a contract between the parties provides that the execution or performance of that contract shall be in terms of another contract (which contains the terms and conditions relating to performance and a provision for settlement of disputes by arbitration), then, the terms of the referred contract in regard to execution/performance alone will apply, and not the arbitration agreement in the referred contract, unless there is special reference to the arbitration clause also.
(iv) Where the contract provides that the standard form of terms and conditions of an independent trade or professional institution (as for example the standard terms and conditions of a trade association or architects association) will bind them or apply to the contract, such standard form of terms and conditions including any provision for arbitration in such standard terms and conditions, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference. Sometimes the contract may also say that the parties are familiar with those terms and conditions or that the parties have read and understood the said terms and conditions.
(v) Where the contract between the parties stipulates that the conditions of contract of one of the parties to the contract shall form a part of their contract (as for example the general conditions of contract of the Government where the Government is a party), the arbitration clause forming part of such general conditions of contract will apply to the contract between the parties.